This paper discusses two major themes that populate the landscape of civil engineering design and construction: form-finding and structural optimization. The use of these methods is necessitated by the intention to reconstitute the synergy between the instances of Architecture and Engineering that have very often been treated separately in the relationship between aesthetics and calculation. Today, more than ever, the desire to conceive structures that manage to combine the static aspects with the constructive aspects as in antiquity is returning. Advances conducted in the field of research allow us to revisit the problem from a modern perspective through the use of automatic and iterative procedures capable of studying complex and functional forms. Both have their roots in the last century; form-finding in the modern sense of the term, was born when the first calibrated algorithms for the search of structural form began to appear, but it sees its beginnings a few centuries ago when there was the intuition of inverting the catenary arch and transforming it into a load-bearing element (already known to mathematicians of the past), an approach that was later employed by other designers realizing architectural examples of extraordinary beauty; the concept of structural optimization appeared following the study of the first problems of maximizing or minimizing functions under certain constraints. After that, these methods were used in the structural field, starting with mechanical problems, in the automotive and aeronautical fields and later applied in the field of civil construction as well. In the following of the thesis, the first approaches in the area of form-finding will be studied except for the specific treatment of the "Dynamic Relaxation" method; then the types of existing algorithms and a more careful treatment for the "Method of Possible Directions" will be seen from the point of view of optimization. Both of these theories have been used as a design tool for a structural idea that aims to possess optimum performance under gravitational and seismic actions, applying an additional structural principle usually employed in tall buildings, namely the damping of horizontal actions by means of a "dynamic absorber" or otherwise called a "tuned mass damper." Thanks to this principle, it will be shown, by means of linear analyses of the vibrational modes, that the proposed objective of decreasing as much as possible the seismic actions to which the structure is subjected will be effectively achieved. The structural complex thus obtained is analyzed with a series of nonlinear analyses, and comparisons of the structure's response ante and post optimization will then be shown in order to ascertain the actual functioning and applicability of the two approaches.
In questo scritto si affrontano due temi di importanza rilevante che popolano il panorama della progettazione e della costruzione di opere civili: il form-finding e l’ottimizzazione strutturale. Il ricorso a questi metodi è reso necessario dall’intenzione di ricostituire la sinergia tra le istanze dell’Architettura e dell’Ingegneria che molto spesso sono state trattate separatamente nel rapporto tra estetica e calcolo. Oggi più che mai ritorna la volontà di concepire strutture che riescano a combinare gli aspetti statici agli aspetti costruttivi come nell’antichità. I progressi condotti nel campo della ricerca ci permettono di rivisitare il problema in chiave moderna attraverso l’impiego di procedure automatiche e iterative capaci di studiare forme complesse e funzionali. Entrambi affondano le proprie radici nel secolo scorso; il form-finding nel senso moderno del termine nacque quando iniziarono a comparire i primi algoritmi calibrati per la ricerca della forma strutturale, ma vede i suoi albori qualche secolo fa quando si ebbe l’intuizione di invertire l’arco di catenaria e di trasformarlo in elemento portante (già nota ai matematici del passato), approccio che venne poi impiegato da altri progettisti realizzando esempi architettonici dalla straordinaria bellezza; il concetto di ottimizzazione strutturale comparve in seguito allo studio dei primi problemi di massimizzazione o minimizzazione di funzioni in base a determinati vincoli. Dopodiché questi metodi vennero impiegati nell’ambito strutturale, a partire da problemi di tipo meccanico, nel campo automobilistico, aeronautico e successivamente applicati anche nel campo delle costruzioni civili. Nel seguire della tesi si studieranno i primi approcci nell’ambito del form-finding salvo poi passare alla trattazione specifica del metodo del “Rilassamento Dinamico”; in seguito si vedranno dal punto di vista dell’ottimizzazione i tipi di algoritmi esistenti e una trattazione più attenta per il “Metodo delle direzioni possibili”. Entrambe queste teorie sono state utilizzate come strumento di design di un’idea strutturale che ha l’obiettivo di possedere un’ottima performance sotto le azioni gravitazionali e sismiche, applicando un ulteriore principio strutturale impiegato solitamente negli edifici alti, ossia lo smorzamento delle azioni orizzontali per mezzo di un “assorbitore dinamico” o altrimenti chiamato “tuned mass damper”. Grazie a questo principio, si mostrerà, tramite analisi lineari dei modi di vibrare, l’effettivo raggiungimento dell’obiettivo proposto, ossia diminuire il più possibile le azioni sismiche alle quale la struttura è sottoposta. Il complesso strutturale così ottenuto viene analizzato con una serie analisi di tipo non lineare e si mostreranno quindi i confronti della risposta della struttura ante e post ottimizzazione, al fine di constatare l’effettivo funzionamento e applicabilità dei due approcci.
FORM-FINDING E SIZING OPTIMIZATION COME STRUMENTI PER LA PROGETTAZIONE DI UNA NUOVA TIPOLOGIA ARCHITETTONICA E STRUTTURALE
CRESPINO, EMANUELE
2021/2022
Abstract
This paper discusses two major themes that populate the landscape of civil engineering design and construction: form-finding and structural optimization. The use of these methods is necessitated by the intention to reconstitute the synergy between the instances of Architecture and Engineering that have very often been treated separately in the relationship between aesthetics and calculation. Today, more than ever, the desire to conceive structures that manage to combine the static aspects with the constructive aspects as in antiquity is returning. Advances conducted in the field of research allow us to revisit the problem from a modern perspective through the use of automatic and iterative procedures capable of studying complex and functional forms. Both have their roots in the last century; form-finding in the modern sense of the term, was born when the first calibrated algorithms for the search of structural form began to appear, but it sees its beginnings a few centuries ago when there was the intuition of inverting the catenary arch and transforming it into a load-bearing element (already known to mathematicians of the past), an approach that was later employed by other designers realizing architectural examples of extraordinary beauty; the concept of structural optimization appeared following the study of the first problems of maximizing or minimizing functions under certain constraints. After that, these methods were used in the structural field, starting with mechanical problems, in the automotive and aeronautical fields and later applied in the field of civil construction as well. In the following of the thesis, the first approaches in the area of form-finding will be studied except for the specific treatment of the "Dynamic Relaxation" method; then the types of existing algorithms and a more careful treatment for the "Method of Possible Directions" will be seen from the point of view of optimization. Both of these theories have been used as a design tool for a structural idea that aims to possess optimum performance under gravitational and seismic actions, applying an additional structural principle usually employed in tall buildings, namely the damping of horizontal actions by means of a "dynamic absorber" or otherwise called a "tuned mass damper." Thanks to this principle, it will be shown, by means of linear analyses of the vibrational modes, that the proposed objective of decreasing as much as possible the seismic actions to which the structure is subjected will be effectively achieved. The structural complex thus obtained is analyzed with a series of nonlinear analyses, and comparisons of the structure's response ante and post optimization will then be shown in order to ascertain the actual functioning and applicability of the two approaches.I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/88411