Microglia are commonly defined as the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Along with their well-established role as immediate responders to injuries and infections, microglia also play important functions in the healthy brain, critically interacting with other cell types to provide support and to monitor neuronal circuits. Microglia cells are principal players in neuroinflammation and detailed cellular biological knowledge of this particular cell type is therefore of pivotal importance. The last decade has shed new light on the origin, characteristics and functions of microglia, underlining the need for specific in vitro methodology to study these cells in detail. Microglia critically contribute to many physiological processes, such as developmentally regulated neuronal apoptosis, neurogenesis and synaptic pruning in physiological and pathological conditions. Microglia are extremely dynamic and responsive cells, and promptly respond to any homeostatic processes. Pathological stimuli or brain insult profoundly affect microglial activity. Neurodegeneration is defined as the progressive loss of functional neurons. This can be the selective loss of a particular neuronal subtype, such as occurs in diseases as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or the widespread loss of many neuronal subtypes, such as occurs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Although all classified as neurodegenerative diseases, the underlying central nervous system (CNS) pathologies are different. Although the progress, etiology and symptoms of these diseases differ, neuroinflammation is a common hallmark of all of them. How neuroinflammation contributes to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases is still unclear as it can either be the cause or the consequence of neuronal cell death. It is, however, generally accepted that persistent inflammation of the CNS is detrimental to neurons. There is a large body of evidence for microglial activation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Although microglial responses are thought to be primarily neuroprotective, they may also lead to tissue injury and neurodegeneration by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Together, these observations fuel the thought that targeting microglia might provide benefit for those afflicted by neurodegenerative diseases. Detailed cellular biological knowledge of microglia is therefore crucial, and in vitro models are instrumental in obtaining such knowledge.
Le cellule della microglia sono comunemente definite come le cellule immunitarie del sistema nervoso centrale (SNC). Insieme al loro ruolo ben consolidato di soccorritori immediati a lesioni e infezioni, le cellule della microglia svolgono anche importanti funzioni nel cervello sano, interagendo in modo critico con altri tipi di cellule per fornire supporto e monitorare i circuiti neuronali. Sono attori principali nella neuroinfiammazione e la conoscenza dettagliata della biologia cellulare di questo particolare tipo di cellula è quindi di fondamentale importanza. L'ultimo decennio ha chiarito molti aspetti riguardo l'origine, le caratteristiche e le funzioni della microglia, sottolineando la necessità di metodologie in vitro specifiche per studiare queste cellule in dettaglio. La microglia contribuisce in modo critico a molti processi fisiologici, come l'apoptosi neuronale regolata dallo sviluppo, la neurogenesi e la plasticità sinaptica in condizioni fisiologiche e patologiche. Le cellule della microglia sono cellule estremamente dinamiche e reattive e rispondono prontamente a qualsiasi alterazione omeostatica. Gli stimoli patologici o l'insulto cerebrale influenzano profondamente l'attività della microglia modificandone le loro funzioni. La neurodegenerazione è definita come la progressiva perdita di neuroni funzionali. Questa può essere la perdita selettiva di un particolare sottotipo neuronale, come si verifica in malattie definite neurodegenerative come il morbo di Parkinson (PD) e la sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA), o la perdita diffusa di molti sottotipi neuronali, come avviene nella malattia di Alzheimer (AD) e Malattia di Huntington (HD). Sebbene l'eziologia e i sintomi di queste malattie neurodegenerative differiscano, la neuroinfiammazione è un segno distintivo comune a tutte. Non è ancora chiaro come la neuroinfiammazione contribuisca alla progressione delle malattie neurodegenerative in quanto può essere la causa o la conseguenza della morte delle cellule neuronali. Tuttavia, è generalmente accettato che l'infiammazione persistente del SNC sia dannosa per i neuroni. C'è un ampio numero di prove che evidenziano l'attivazione della microglia come ruolo critico nella patogenesi dei disturbi neurodegenerativi. Sebbene si pensi che le risposte microgliali siano principalmente neuroprotettive, possono anche portare a lesioni tissutali e neurodegenerazione mediante la produzione di citochine proinfiammatorie e specie reattive dell'ossigeno e dell'azoto. Nel complesso, queste osservazioni alimentano la convinzione che lo studio delle funzioni della microglia possa apportare un importante contributo per chi è affetto da malattie neurodegenerative. La conoscenza della biologia cellulare dettagliata della microglia è quindi cruciale e i modelli in vitro rappresentano un fondamentale strumento per ricavare conoscenze sempre più approfondite in questo campo di indagine.
LE CELLULE IMMUNITARIE DEL CERVELLO COME MODELLO PER LO STUDIO DEI PROCESSI NEUROINFIAMMATORI
LISO, GENNARO
2020/2021
Abstract
Microglia are commonly defined as the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Along with their well-established role as immediate responders to injuries and infections, microglia also play important functions in the healthy brain, critically interacting with other cell types to provide support and to monitor neuronal circuits. Microglia cells are principal players in neuroinflammation and detailed cellular biological knowledge of this particular cell type is therefore of pivotal importance. The last decade has shed new light on the origin, characteristics and functions of microglia, underlining the need for specific in vitro methodology to study these cells in detail. Microglia critically contribute to many physiological processes, such as developmentally regulated neuronal apoptosis, neurogenesis and synaptic pruning in physiological and pathological conditions. Microglia are extremely dynamic and responsive cells, and promptly respond to any homeostatic processes. Pathological stimuli or brain insult profoundly affect microglial activity. Neurodegeneration is defined as the progressive loss of functional neurons. This can be the selective loss of a particular neuronal subtype, such as occurs in diseases as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or the widespread loss of many neuronal subtypes, such as occurs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Although all classified as neurodegenerative diseases, the underlying central nervous system (CNS) pathologies are different. Although the progress, etiology and symptoms of these diseases differ, neuroinflammation is a common hallmark of all of them. How neuroinflammation contributes to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases is still unclear as it can either be the cause or the consequence of neuronal cell death. It is, however, generally accepted that persistent inflammation of the CNS is detrimental to neurons. There is a large body of evidence for microglial activation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Although microglial responses are thought to be primarily neuroprotective, they may also lead to tissue injury and neurodegeneration by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Together, these observations fuel the thought that targeting microglia might provide benefit for those afflicted by neurodegenerative diseases. Detailed cellular biological knowledge of microglia is therefore crucial, and in vitro models are instrumental in obtaining such knowledge.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
TESI.pdf
File consultabile da postazioni biblioteca
Descrizione: Tesi di laurea triennale
Dimensione
3.02 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.02 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/86507