The heart is one of the main vital organs of the human body and its physiological activity is essential to support a lifestyle that meets the needs of the individual. Cardiac arrhythmias, or abnormal heart rhythms, can be of different types: from those without consequences to those that are fatal. In clinical diagnosis, arrhythmias characterized by an abnormal distribution of the cardiac action potential in the ventricles are of particular interest. Some of these diseases are treated with the implantation of implantable cardiac devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators, capable of restoring the physiological heart rhythm by generating electrical stimulation in the heart tissue. Generally, pacemakers are implanted to treat arrhythmias that involve a heart rhythm that is too slow, defibrillators a heart rhythm that is too fast or irregular. This paper describes how these devices are able to correct cardiac arrhythmias, ensuring patient safety. The study of technology is carried out with two different approaches: the first concerns the industrial design of the devices and their main components; the second concerns the functional analysis of the device upon implantation. In the first chapter the heart is analyzed from an anatomical and physiological point of view to understand its functioning not affected by pathologies. The second chapter aims at understanding how electrical signal propagation works. The third chapter takes us inside the electrophysiology laboratory, where the device is implanted, together with qualified personnel and the necessary equipment. The fourth chapter will be dedicated to the arrhythmia that leads to the implantation of the pacemaker and the analysis of the latter. The fifth chapter illustrates the methods of implantation of the device and the consequent post-operative course, reaching the sixth chapter in which some malfunction conditions that may be encountered are described. Finally, chapter seven will focus the analysis on implantable cardiac pacing defibrillators (ICDs), the related internal components and the pathologies related to its use. At the end, the conclusions will be presented, with references to the remote monitoring of the ICD (home-monitoring) and the recent evolution of these increasingly miniaturized devices for the purpose of a more significant quality of life and management of health resources.
Il cuore è uno dei principali organi vitali dell’organismo umano e la sua attività fisiologica è indispensabile per sostenere uno stile di vita conforme alle esigenze dell’individuo. Le aritmie cardiache, o ritmi cardiaci anomali, possono essere di diversi tipi: da quelli senza conseguenze a quelli letali. Nella diagnosi clinica, destano particolare interesse le aritmie caratterizzate da una distribuzione anormale del potenziale d’azione cardiaco nei ventricoli. Alcune di queste patologie vengono trattate con l’impianto di dispositivi cardiaci impiantabili quali pacemaker e defibrillatori, in grado di ripristinare il ritmo cardiaco fisiologico generando una stimolazione elettrica ne tessuto cardiaco. In linea di massima i pacemaker vengono impiantati per la terapia di aritmie che implicano un ritmo cardiaco troppo lento, i defibrillatori un ritmo cardiaco troppo veloce o irregolare. Il presente elaborato descrive come tali dispositivi siano in grado di correggere le aritmie cardiache, garantendo la sicurezza del paziente. Lo studio della tecnologia è svolto con due approcci diversi: il primo riguarda il design industriale dei dispositivi e le loro componenti principali; il secondo riguarda l’analisi funzionale del dispositivo all’atto dell’impianto. Nel primo capitolo si analizza il cuore dal punto di vista anatomico e fisiologico per capirne il funzionamento non affetto da patologie. Il secondo capitolo mira alla comprensione del funzionamento della propagazione del segnale elettrico. Il terzo capitolo ci porta all’interno del laboratorio di elettrofisiologia, in cui avviene l’impianto del dispositivo, insieme al personale qualificato e alla strumentazione necessaria. Il quarto capitolo sarà dedicato all’aritmia che porta all’impianto del pacemaker e all’analisi di quest’ultimo. Il quinto capitolo illustra le modalità di impianto del dispositivo e il conseguente decorso post-operatorio arrivando al capitolo sesto in cui vengono descritte alcune condizioni di malfunzionamento che si possono riscontrare. Infine il capitolo sette concentrerà l’analisi sui defibrillatori impiantabili per stimolazione cardiaca (ICD),le relative componenti interne e alle patologie legate al suo utilizzo. Saranno, alla fine, presentate le conclusioni di tale elaborato con accenni al monitoraggio remoto degli ICD (home-monitoring) e alla recente evoluzione di questi dispositivi sempre più miniaturizzati ai fini di una più significativa qualità della vita e di gestione delle risorse sanitarie.
ELETTROFISIOLOGIA DEL CUORE E DISPOSITIVI CARDIACI IMPLANTABILI: PACEMAKER E DEFIBRILLATORI
DE MITRI, BENEDETTA
2019/2020
Abstract
The heart is one of the main vital organs of the human body and its physiological activity is essential to support a lifestyle that meets the needs of the individual. Cardiac arrhythmias, or abnormal heart rhythms, can be of different types: from those without consequences to those that are fatal. In clinical diagnosis, arrhythmias characterized by an abnormal distribution of the cardiac action potential in the ventricles are of particular interest. Some of these diseases are treated with the implantation of implantable cardiac devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators, capable of restoring the physiological heart rhythm by generating electrical stimulation in the heart tissue. Generally, pacemakers are implanted to treat arrhythmias that involve a heart rhythm that is too slow, defibrillators a heart rhythm that is too fast or irregular. This paper describes how these devices are able to correct cardiac arrhythmias, ensuring patient safety. The study of technology is carried out with two different approaches: the first concerns the industrial design of the devices and their main components; the second concerns the functional analysis of the device upon implantation. In the first chapter the heart is analyzed from an anatomical and physiological point of view to understand its functioning not affected by pathologies. The second chapter aims at understanding how electrical signal propagation works. The third chapter takes us inside the electrophysiology laboratory, where the device is implanted, together with qualified personnel and the necessary equipment. The fourth chapter will be dedicated to the arrhythmia that leads to the implantation of the pacemaker and the analysis of the latter. The fifth chapter illustrates the methods of implantation of the device and the consequent post-operative course, reaching the sixth chapter in which some malfunction conditions that may be encountered are described. Finally, chapter seven will focus the analysis on implantable cardiac pacing defibrillators (ICDs), the related internal components and the pathologies related to its use. At the end, the conclusions will be presented, with references to the remote monitoring of the ICD (home-monitoring) and the recent evolution of these increasingly miniaturized devices for the purpose of a more significant quality of life and management of health resources.I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/83240