Coastal areas worldwide are increasingly exposed to the effects of climate change, including sea level rise, intensification of extreme meteomarine events, and progressive shoreline erosion, which jointly increase the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems, infrastructure, and marine-related economic activities. Coastal defence structures, while effective in attenuating incident wave energy, frequently induce non-negligible side effects, such as landscape alteration, modification of nearshore hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes, and downdrift erosion. This thesis provides an updated overview of these issues, organised in three main parts. The first part addresses the fundamentals of coastal phenomenology relevant to the design of coastal defence structures, including wave breaking mechanisms and their classification, wave-induced set-up of the mean sea level, wave diffraction, and morphodynamic impacts on the seabed, supported by recent international case studies on erosion, sea level rise, and multi-hazard coastal risk. The second part classifies coastal protection structures into passive (rigid/impermeable and permeable/elastic) and active defence works (groins, shore-parallel breakwaters, T-shaped groins), with particular attention to nature-based and "soft engineering" solutions such as green belts, geotextiles, and artificial reef structures. The third part focuses on Wave Energy Converters (WECs), classified according to their working principle — oscillating bodies (OB), oscillating water columns (OWC, with specific reference to the Italian REWEC1–REWEC3 devices), overtopping devices (OTD), and emerging piezoelectric and triboelectric technologies. The thesis concludes by discussing the prospective integration of WECs with coastal defence structures, a hybrid approach that could combine shoreline protection with sustainable energy harvesting, offering potential benefits in terms of reduced construction and maintenance costs, simplified grid connection, and lower visual/environmental impact.
I litorali mondiali sono sempre più vulnerabili ai cambiamenti climatici: innalzamento del livello del mare, eventi meteomarini estremi ed erosione costiera minacciano ecosistemi, infrastrutture e attività economiche. Le opere di difesa costiera, se da un lato mitigano il moto ondoso, dall'altro generano spesso effetti collaterali su paesaggio, idrodinamica e sedimentazione dei tratti limitrofi. Questa tesi offre una panoramica aggiornata sul tema, articolata in tre parti. La prima richiama i principali fenomeni costieri (frangimento delle onde, sopraelevazione del livello del mare, diffrazione, impatti morfologici) alla luce di casi di studio internazionali. La seconda classifica le opere di difesa costiera in passive (rigide e permeabili) e attive (pennelli, barriere parallele, difese a pettine), approfondendo anche soluzioni "soft" come cinture verdi, geotessili e barriere coralline artificiali. La terza analizza i convertitori di energia ondosa (WECs) in base al principio di funzionamento – corpi oscillanti, colonne d'acqua oscillante (con focus sui REWEC italiani), sistemi di overtopping e tecnologie emergenti piezoelettriche e triboelettriche. L'elaborato si conclude evidenziando le potenzialità di integrazione tra opere di difesa costiera e WECs, una sinergia che permetterebbe di coniugare protezione del litorale e produzione sostenibile di energia, con benefici in termini di costi, manutenzione e impatto ambientale.
CONFRONTO TRA SISTEMI DI PROTEZIONE COSTIERA RIGIDI E DINAMICI: EFFETTI IDRODINAMICI E RISPOSTA DEL FONDALE
BUX, DANIELE GAETANO
2025/2026
Abstract
Coastal areas worldwide are increasingly exposed to the effects of climate change, including sea level rise, intensification of extreme meteomarine events, and progressive shoreline erosion, which jointly increase the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems, infrastructure, and marine-related economic activities. Coastal defence structures, while effective in attenuating incident wave energy, frequently induce non-negligible side effects, such as landscape alteration, modification of nearshore hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes, and downdrift erosion. This thesis provides an updated overview of these issues, organised in three main parts. The first part addresses the fundamentals of coastal phenomenology relevant to the design of coastal defence structures, including wave breaking mechanisms and their classification, wave-induced set-up of the mean sea level, wave diffraction, and morphodynamic impacts on the seabed, supported by recent international case studies on erosion, sea level rise, and multi-hazard coastal risk. The second part classifies coastal protection structures into passive (rigid/impermeable and permeable/elastic) and active defence works (groins, shore-parallel breakwaters, T-shaped groins), with particular attention to nature-based and "soft engineering" solutions such as green belts, geotextiles, and artificial reef structures. The third part focuses on Wave Energy Converters (WECs), classified according to their working principle — oscillating bodies (OB), oscillating water columns (OWC, with specific reference to the Italian REWEC1–REWEC3 devices), overtopping devices (OTD), and emerging piezoelectric and triboelectric technologies. The thesis concludes by discussing the prospective integration of WECs with coastal defence structures, a hybrid approach that could combine shoreline protection with sustainable energy harvesting, offering potential benefits in terms of reduced construction and maintenance costs, simplified grid connection, and lower visual/environmental impact.I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/82166