With the development of low-power electronics, in recent years there has been an exponential increase in IoT applications, covering different areas such as civil infrastructures, home automation, consumer electronics, industrial or agricultural monitoring, wearable devices and much more. Most of these are designed as small wireless electronic devices powered by an on-device power supply, currently made up of batteries of different types and sizes according to needs and requirements. However, battery technology is a major limitation for large-scale devices. Against this backdrop, a recent advance is radio frequency (RF) charging, which is used to charge next-generation wireless networks. We talk about RF-harvesting, i.e. the ability to convert received RF signals into electricity, used through Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology. Starting from these new technologies, Wireless Powered Communication Networking (WPCN) has been developed, a new network paradigm where the batteries of wireless communication devices can be replenished by means of microwave WPT technology. WPCNs eliminate the need for frequent battery changes, significantly improving performance. However, the application of a WPCN is challenged by the low efficiency of WPT technology over long distances. Another problem concerns access to the channel. Due to its simplicity, many works consider the use of the Aloha protocol for accessing the channel. However, large-scale devices suffer from collisions and their troughput decreases. Recently, in an effort to improve Aloha performance, researchers have proposed the irregularly repeated slotted Aloha (IRSA) protocol. In this discussion we will first analyze WPCNs and the technologies to implement them, and then take a careful look at the IRSA protocol, based on Aloha-slotted, considering the "harvest-then-transmit" methodology. This methodology requires devices to collect energy and only then send their packets. In last look we will describe an energy harvesting random-access distribution protocol called “harvest-or-access”, which is applied to the Aloha-slotted protocol. This protocol uses idle slots in the Aloha-slotted protocol to transmit energy. Finally, a comparison will be made between these two protocols and between the algorithms used to optimize the throughput of the analyzed WPCN systems.
Con lo sviluppo dell’elettronica a bassa potenza, negli ultimi anni si è assistito ad un aumento esponenziale delle applicazioni IoT, andando a coprire aree differenti come infrastrutture civili, domotica, elettronica di consumo, monitoraggio industriale o agricolo, dispositivi indossabili e molto altro. La maggior parte di questi sono progettati come dispositivi elettronici wireless di piccole dimensioni alimentati attraverso un’alimentazione on-device, attualmente costituita da batterie di diverso tipo e dimensione in base alle esigenze e ai requisiti. Tuttavia, la tecnologia a batterie costituisce una grossa limitazione per dispositivi su larga scala. In questo contesto, un recente progresso è la ricarica a radiofrequenza (RF), adoperata per caricare le reti wireless di nuova generazione. Si parla di RF-harvesting, ossia la capacità di convertire i segnali a RF ricevuti in elettricità, utilizzata attraverso la tecnologia Wireless Power Transfer (WPT). Partendo da queste nuove tecnologie sono state sviluppate le Wireless Powered Communication Networking (WPCN), un nuovo paradigma di rete dove le batterie dei dispositivi di comunicazione wireless possono essere rifornite per mezzo della tecnologia WPT a microonde. Le WPCN eliminano la necessità di frequenti sostituzioni della batteria, migliorando significativamente le prestazioni. Tuttavia, l’applicazione di una WPCN è messa in discussione dalla bassa efficienza della tecnologia WPT sulle lunghe distanze. Un’altra problematica riguarda l’accesso al canale. Per la sua semplicità molti lavori considerano l’utilizzo del protocollo Aloha per l’accesso al canale. Tuttavia, i dispositivi su larga scala soffrono le collisioni e il loro troughput diminuisce. Recentemente, nel tentativo di migliorare il rendimento di Aloha, i ricercatori hanno proposto il protocollo Aloha-slotted a ripetizioni irregolari (IRSA). In questa trattazione verranno in primo luogo analizzate le WPCN e le tecnologie per realizzarle, per poi dare un attento sguardo al protocollo IRSA, basato su Aloha-slotted, considerando la metodologia “harvest-then-transmit”. Questa metodologia prevede che i dispositivi raccolgano energia e solo dopo inviino i propri pacchetti. In ultimo sguardo verrà descritto un protocollo di distribuzione ad accesso casuale di raccolta di energia chiamato “harvest-or-access”, che viene applicato al protocollo Aloha-slotted. Questo protocollo utilizza gli slot inattivi nel protocollo Aloha-slotted per trasmettere energia. Ed infinte verrà fatto un confronto tra questi due protocolli e tra gli algoritmi utilizzati per ottimizzare il throughput dei sistemi WPCN analizzati.
ANALISI INFORMATIVA DEL Q-LEARNING PER IRSA IN RETI DI COMUNICAZIONE WIRELESS
RAFANELLI, ALESSANDRA
2022/2023
Abstract
With the development of low-power electronics, in recent years there has been an exponential increase in IoT applications, covering different areas such as civil infrastructures, home automation, consumer electronics, industrial or agricultural monitoring, wearable devices and much more. Most of these are designed as small wireless electronic devices powered by an on-device power supply, currently made up of batteries of different types and sizes according to needs and requirements. However, battery technology is a major limitation for large-scale devices. Against this backdrop, a recent advance is radio frequency (RF) charging, which is used to charge next-generation wireless networks. We talk about RF-harvesting, i.e. the ability to convert received RF signals into electricity, used through Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology. Starting from these new technologies, Wireless Powered Communication Networking (WPCN) has been developed, a new network paradigm where the batteries of wireless communication devices can be replenished by means of microwave WPT technology. WPCNs eliminate the need for frequent battery changes, significantly improving performance. However, the application of a WPCN is challenged by the low efficiency of WPT technology over long distances. Another problem concerns access to the channel. Due to its simplicity, many works consider the use of the Aloha protocol for accessing the channel. However, large-scale devices suffer from collisions and their troughput decreases. Recently, in an effort to improve Aloha performance, researchers have proposed the irregularly repeated slotted Aloha (IRSA) protocol. In this discussion we will first analyze WPCNs and the technologies to implement them, and then take a careful look at the IRSA protocol, based on Aloha-slotted, considering the "harvest-then-transmit" methodology. This methodology requires devices to collect energy and only then send their packets. In last look we will describe an energy harvesting random-access distribution protocol called “harvest-or-access”, which is applied to the Aloha-slotted protocol. This protocol uses idle slots in the Aloha-slotted protocol to transmit energy. Finally, a comparison will be made between these two protocols and between the algorithms used to optimize the throughput of the analyzed WPCN systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/70045