The re-entry of aircraft into the atmosphere represents a major problem in terms of reusability. The possibility of reusing structures built for space missions has the main objectives of reducing the waste of materials and structures, and decreasing the amount of space debris in low Earth orbit. In order to achieve these goals, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) have embarked on a joint research project to replace ablative materials with reusable ones. Impact on the atmosphere has extreme thermodynamic effects, such as high enthalpy change, extreme temperatures, and intense heat fluxes. Under such circumstances, catalytic reactions are triggered between the air stream, composed mainly of oxygen and nitrogen, and the ablative material of the aircraft’s heat shield, composed largely of carbon. Therefore, solving the problem cannot be limited to thermodynamic and aerodynamic approaches alone, but must also consider the chemical aspect of the phenomenon and its variation. Thanks to the Plasmatron owned by the von Karman Institute, it was possible to simulate the plasma conditions that spacecraft structures have to deal with during re-entry into the atmosphere. Important results were obtained from the experimental campaigns. Due to the physical limitations of the equipment used, it was not possible to detect all the thermofluidodynamic and chemical quantities developed with plasma generation, so CFD was relied upon. This makes it possible to simulate the supersonic flow generated in the experimental tests. Since the values of the physical quantities in the nozzle, test chamber and probe are known, it is necessary to derive the total pressure and temperature values upstream of the nozzle using an inverse procedure, given the limitations of the sensors used. The aim of this thesis work is to propose simulation solutions using a solver, US3D, different from the one used for the previous numerical campaigns, CFD++. Their comparison makes it possible to correctly assess the flow conditions simulated and the reliability of the two solvers in terms of their ability to provide solutions that are as accurate as possible and with the lowest possible computational cost. Initially, coarse and fine grids of a part of the overall geometry were created and, subsequently, these grids were extended over the entire geometry. The results of the simulations performed on the various grids made it possible to establish their grid independence. In the simulations of the overall geometry, flow circumstances without catalytic reactions, with partial and total catalytic reactions were considered. The next step concerns the analysis of the uncertainties of the numerical results acquired and the generation of a surrogate model, such as Kriging, i.e. a function different from the starting one, which has the advantage of lowering the computational costs while maintaining acceptable accuracy. In this way, it is possible to estimate more reliable results of unmeasured quantities. This step is not included in this thesis work.
Il rientro di velivoli in atmosfera rappresenta un importante problema in termini di riusabilita.` La possibilita di riutilizzare delle strutture realizzate per missioni spaziali ha come princi- ` pali obiettivi l’abbattimento dello spreco di materiali e strutture, e la diminuzioni di detriti spaziali nella parte bassa dell’orbita terrestre. Per raggiungere questi obiettivi, l’Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA) e la von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) hanno intrapreso un percorso di ricerca comune che mira alla sostituzione dei materiali ablativi con altri riutilizzabili. L’impatto con l’atmosfera ha effetti termodinamici estremi, quali l’elevata variazione di entalpia, le altissime temperature e gli ingenti flussi di calore. In tali circostanze, si innescano delle reazioni di catalisi tra il flusso d’aria, composto principalmente da ossigeno e azoto, e il materiale ablativo dello scudo termico del velivolo, composto in buona parte da carbonio. Pertanto la risoluzione del problema non puo limitarsi esclusivamente ad approcci termodi- ` namico e aerodinamico, ma deve considerare anche l’aspetto chimico del fenomeno e la sua variazione. Grazie al Plasmatron di proprieta della von Karman Institute, ` e stato possibile simulare le ` condizioni di plasma che le strutture dei velivoli spaziali devono affrontare nella fase di rientro in atmosfera. Importanti risultati sono stati ottenuti dalle campagne sperimentali. A causa di limiti fisici delle apparecchiature impiegate, non e stato possibile rilevare tutte le ` grandezze termofluidodinamiche e chimiche sviluppate con la generazione di plasma, pertanto ci si e affidati alla CFD. Questa permette di poter simulare il flusso supersonico gener- ` ato nelle prove sperimentali. Essendo noti i valori delle grandezze fisiche nell’ugello, nella camera di prova e sulla sonda, e necessario ricavare con un procedimento inverso i valori di ` pressione e temperatura totali a monte dell’ugello, dati i limiti dei sensori impiegati. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi consiste nel proporre delle soluzioni di simulazioni attraverso un solutore, US3D, differente da quello usato per le precedenti campagne numeriche, CFD++. La loro comparazione permette di valutare correttamente le condizioni di flusso simulate e l’affidabilita dei due solutori circa la capacit ` a di fornire soluzioni il pi ` u accurate ` possibile e con il minor costo computazionale possibile. Inizialmente, sono state realizzate griglie rade e fitte di una parte della geometria complessiva e, successivamente, tali griglie sono state ampliate su tutto la geometria. I risultati delle simulazioni effettuate sulle varie griglie hanno permesso di stabilire la loro indipendenza dalla griglia. Nelle simulazioni della geometria complessiva sono stati considerate le circostanze di flusso senza reazioni catalitiche, con reazioni catalitiche parziali e totali. La fase successiva rigurda l’analisi delle incertezze dei risultati numerici acquisiti e la generazione di un modello surrogato, come il Kriging, ovvero una funzione diversa da quella di partenza che ha il vantaggio di abbattere i costi computazionali mantenendo al tempo stesso un’accuratezza accettabile. In questo modo, e possibile valutare dei risultati pi ` u affidabili ` delle grandezze non misurate. Tale fase non e inclusa nel presente lavoro di tesi.
CARATTERIZZAZIONE DI FLUSSI SUPERSONICI DI PLASMA, CON SIMULAZIONI E QUANTIFICAZIONE DELL'INCERTEZZA
GROTTOLA, DAIRO TOMMASO
2021/2022
Abstract
The re-entry of aircraft into the atmosphere represents a major problem in terms of reusability. The possibility of reusing structures built for space missions has the main objectives of reducing the waste of materials and structures, and decreasing the amount of space debris in low Earth orbit. In order to achieve these goals, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) have embarked on a joint research project to replace ablative materials with reusable ones. Impact on the atmosphere has extreme thermodynamic effects, such as high enthalpy change, extreme temperatures, and intense heat fluxes. Under such circumstances, catalytic reactions are triggered between the air stream, composed mainly of oxygen and nitrogen, and the ablative material of the aircraft’s heat shield, composed largely of carbon. Therefore, solving the problem cannot be limited to thermodynamic and aerodynamic approaches alone, but must also consider the chemical aspect of the phenomenon and its variation. Thanks to the Plasmatron owned by the von Karman Institute, it was possible to simulate the plasma conditions that spacecraft structures have to deal with during re-entry into the atmosphere. Important results were obtained from the experimental campaigns. Due to the physical limitations of the equipment used, it was not possible to detect all the thermofluidodynamic and chemical quantities developed with plasma generation, so CFD was relied upon. This makes it possible to simulate the supersonic flow generated in the experimental tests. Since the values of the physical quantities in the nozzle, test chamber and probe are known, it is necessary to derive the total pressure and temperature values upstream of the nozzle using an inverse procedure, given the limitations of the sensors used. The aim of this thesis work is to propose simulation solutions using a solver, US3D, different from the one used for the previous numerical campaigns, CFD++. Their comparison makes it possible to correctly assess the flow conditions simulated and the reliability of the two solvers in terms of their ability to provide solutions that are as accurate as possible and with the lowest possible computational cost. Initially, coarse and fine grids of a part of the overall geometry were created and, subsequently, these grids were extended over the entire geometry. The results of the simulations performed on the various grids made it possible to establish their grid independence. In the simulations of the overall geometry, flow circumstances without catalytic reactions, with partial and total catalytic reactions were considered. The next step concerns the analysis of the uncertainties of the numerical results acquired and the generation of a surrogate model, such as Kriging, i.e. a function different from the starting one, which has the advantage of lowering the computational costs while maintaining acceptable accuracy. In this way, it is possible to estimate more reliable results of unmeasured quantities. This step is not included in this thesis work.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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GROTTOLA_tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: The main objective of this thesis work is to computationally analyze a supersonic plasma
flow, which was previously obtained in an experimental campaign, by using the code US3D.
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3.17 MB
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3.17 MB | Adobe PDF |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/66004