This thesis addresses the topic of adaptive building envelopes through a systematic and critical review of the state of the art in smart materials and innovative technologies applicable to the construction sector. The initial objective is to trace the evolution of this field from 2005 onwards, adopting as its conceptual framework the distinction between Type 1 materials, defined as Property-changing materials, which are capable of modifying their physical properties in response to an external stimulus, and Type 2 materials, defined as Energy-exchanging materials, which are designed for energy conversion, actuation, or sensing applications. The analysis examines a broad range of solutions, including electrochromic and thermochromic glazing, phase change materials, shape memory alloys, hydrogels, self-healing materials, and integrated sensing systems. Through a review of the literature, an assessment of the risk of bias, and a comparison with practical case studies, the research highlights how these technologies have achieved a significant degree of scientific maturity, while still presenting major challenges regarding their large-scale application. The main barriers identified include high initial costs, uncertainty concerning long-term durability, difficulties in standardisation, industrial scalability, and the complexity of integration with control systems, sensors, and Building Management Systems. In response to these limitations, the thesis directs its investigation towards the advanced passive design paradigm, conceived as an alternative to more complex active solutions that depend heavily on mechanical and electronic infrastructure. Within this framework, an innovative hybrid solution is proposed: the Thermo-Latent Transparent Module, based on the integration of a thermochromic layer with a phase change material. The former enables the autonomous modulation of solar transmittance as a function of temperature, while the latter allows latent heat to be stored and released, thereby contributing to the thermal stabilisation of the indoor environment. The proposed solution is analysed through the development of a dynamic EnergyPlus model, structured as a progressive sequence of simulations ranging from the baseline configuration to the final model. This process makes it possible to verify the contribution of each individual component within the glazing system and to assess the behaviour of the system under different operating conditions. The development of the model is not intended solely to validate the performance of the designed component, but also to establish a methodological basis for subsequent parametric optimisation analyses of the glazing system. The final model may be used to assess the system’s behaviour in different climatic locations, either by maintaining the reference layer configuration unchanged or by modifying key design parameters, such as the thicknesses of the individual layers and, in particular, that of the PCM. It will also be possible to investigate configurations characterised by different exposures, orientations, and positions of the glazing system within the building, as well as different glazed surface dimensions and boundary conditions. In this way, the thesis is not limited to the definition and validation of a new passive adaptive building-envelope system, but also proposes a replicable and adjustable model that can be used as a reference for comparing different design solutions and identifying the most effective configurations in relation to climate, building geometry, and the construction characteristics of the component.
Il presente lavoro di tesi affronta il tema degli involucri edilizi adattivi attraverso una rassegna sistematica e critica dello stato dell’arte dei materiali smart e delle tecnologie innovative applicabili al settore edilizio. L’obiettivo iniziale di tesi è quello di ricostruire l’evoluzione del campo a partire dal 2005, assumendo come base concettuale la distinzione tra materiali di Tipo 1, definiti Property-changing, capaci di modificare le proprie proprietà fisiche in risposta a uno stimolo esterno, e materiali di Tipo 2, definiti Energy-exchanging, orientati alla conversione energetica, all’attuazione o alla sensoristica. L’analisi prende in esame un ampio spettro di soluzioni, tra cui vetrate elettrocromiche e termocromiche, materiali a cambiamento di fase, leghe a memoria di forma, idrogel, materiali autorigeneranti e sistemi di sensoristica integrata. Attraverso la revisione della letteratura, la valutazione del rischio di bias e il confronto con casi studio applicativi, il lavoro evidenzia come tali tecnologie abbiano raggiunto un significativo grado di maturità scientifica, pur mostrando ancora forti criticità nella loro applicazione su larga scala. I principali ostacoli individuati riguardano gli elevati costi iniziali, l’incertezza sulla durabilità nel lungo periodo, la difficoltà di standardizzazione, la scalabilità industriale e la complessità di integrazione con sistemi di controllo, sensori e Building Management System. A partire da tali limiti, la tesi orienta l’indagine verso il paradigma del passivo avanzato, inteso come alternativa alle soluzioni attive più complesse e dipendenti da infrastrutture impiantistiche ed elettroniche. In questa prospettiva viene proposta una soluzione ibrida innovativa, il Modulo Trasparente Termo-Latente, basato sull’integrazione tra uno strato termocromico e un materiale a cambiamento di fase. Il primo consente la modulazione autonoma della trasmissione solare in funzione della temperatura, mentre il secondo permette l’accumulo e il rilascio di calore latente, contribuendo alla stabilizzazione termica dell’ambiente interno. La soluzione proposta viene analizzata mediante la costruzione di un modello dinamico in EnergyPlus, articolato in una sequenza progressiva di simulazioni dalla baseline al modello finale. Tale processo consente di verificare il contributo dei singoli elementi del pacchetto, valutando il comportamento del sistema nelle diverse condizioni operative. La costruzione del modello non è finalizzata esclusivamente alla validazione prestazionale del componente progettato, ma rappresenta anche una base metodologica per lo sviluppo di successive analisi di ottimizzazione parametrica del pacchetto finestrato. Il modello finale potrà infatti essere utilizzato per valutare il comportamento del sistema in differenti località climatiche, mantenendo invariata la stratigrafia di riferimento oppure modificando alcuni dei principali parametri progettuali, quali gli spessori dei singoli strati e, in particolare, del PCM. Sarà inoltre possibile analizzare configurazioni caratterizzate da differenti esposizioni, orientamenti e posizioni del pacchetto finestrato all’interno dell’edificio, nonché diverse dimensioni della superficie vetrata e condizioni al contorno. In questo modo, la tesi non si limita alla definizione e alla validazione di un nuovo sistema di involucro adattivo passivo, ma propone un modello replicabile e modificabile, utilizzabile come riferimento per confrontare diverse soluzioni progettuali e individuare le configurazioni maggiormente efficaci in relazione al clima, alla geometria dell’edificio e alle caratteristiche costruttive del componente.
INVOLUCRI EDILIZI ADATTIVI: ANALISI E IMPLEMENTAZIONE DI UN SISTEMA FINESTRATO IBRIDO A COMPORTAMENTO PASSIVO
PARISI, SILVIA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis addresses the topic of adaptive building envelopes through a systematic and critical review of the state of the art in smart materials and innovative technologies applicable to the construction sector. The initial objective is to trace the evolution of this field from 2005 onwards, adopting as its conceptual framework the distinction between Type 1 materials, defined as Property-changing materials, which are capable of modifying their physical properties in response to an external stimulus, and Type 2 materials, defined as Energy-exchanging materials, which are designed for energy conversion, actuation, or sensing applications. The analysis examines a broad range of solutions, including electrochromic and thermochromic glazing, phase change materials, shape memory alloys, hydrogels, self-healing materials, and integrated sensing systems. Through a review of the literature, an assessment of the risk of bias, and a comparison with practical case studies, the research highlights how these technologies have achieved a significant degree of scientific maturity, while still presenting major challenges regarding their large-scale application. The main barriers identified include high initial costs, uncertainty concerning long-term durability, difficulties in standardisation, industrial scalability, and the complexity of integration with control systems, sensors, and Building Management Systems. In response to these limitations, the thesis directs its investigation towards the advanced passive design paradigm, conceived as an alternative to more complex active solutions that depend heavily on mechanical and electronic infrastructure. Within this framework, an innovative hybrid solution is proposed: the Thermo-Latent Transparent Module, based on the integration of a thermochromic layer with a phase change material. The former enables the autonomous modulation of solar transmittance as a function of temperature, while the latter allows latent heat to be stored and released, thereby contributing to the thermal stabilisation of the indoor environment. The proposed solution is analysed through the development of a dynamic EnergyPlus model, structured as a progressive sequence of simulations ranging from the baseline configuration to the final model. This process makes it possible to verify the contribution of each individual component within the glazing system and to assess the behaviour of the system under different operating conditions. The development of the model is not intended solely to validate the performance of the designed component, but also to establish a methodological basis for subsequent parametric optimisation analyses of the glazing system. The final model may be used to assess the system’s behaviour in different climatic locations, either by maintaining the reference layer configuration unchanged or by modifying key design parameters, such as the thicknesses of the individual layers and, in particular, that of the PCM. It will also be possible to investigate configurations characterised by different exposures, orientations, and positions of the glazing system within the building, as well as different glazed surface dimensions and boundary conditions. In this way, the thesis is not limited to the definition and validation of a new passive adaptive building-envelope system, but also proposes a replicable and adjustable model that can be used as a reference for comparing different design solutions and identifying the most effective configurations in relation to climate, building geometry, and the construction characteristics of the component.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/65783