Sludge is the residue of domestic, urban or industrial wastewater purification processes. The treatment of sludge tends firstly to remove its water content as far as possible and, secondly, to make it harmless to the environment, easily transportable and biologically stabilized. The management of this waste is a problem at different levels, mainly because of the costs (economic, environmental and social) related to the disposal. Ecological sensitivity leads to the design of increasingly advanced treatment systems, with the aim of achieving a sustainable future. In this context, it’s clear that it’s essential to enhance waste according to the principles of circular economy. In this sense, ways are sought to reduce waste, transform waste and give new useful life to what already exists. The thesis work presents an example of sustainable treatment of sewage sludge. The innovative technology tested is characterized by being easily integrated into normal production processes and to allow the drying of sludge with a significant reduction in weight. The study aims to evaluate the proposed solution in line with the development of the circular economy. Over the years there has been a continuous increase in the cost associated with the disposal of industrial sludge, with the prices that fluctuate depending on the final destination available. The management of this waste has a non-negligible impact both economically and environmentally for CO2 emissions and pollutants related to transport to disposal plants. The aim of the thesis is to test an innovative modular dryer to identify sustainable, economically advantageous and easily implementable solutions from the point of view of installation that can reduce the cost of disposal of sewage sludge. It’s clear that the cost depends directly on the weight, so the most suitable way to reduce costs is to reduce the weight of waste to be disposed of. It is possible to conclude that the inspiring principles related to green sourcing and circular economy have also found a solid economic response, combining the environmental sustainability of the process with a financial sustainability of the investments. In fact, the use of sludge drying systems allows a reduction in the quantities of sludge produced and handled of the order of about 70% but also an economic saving of 45%. Different thermal drying solutions have been tested which, depending on the volumes to be treated, allow to optimize savings, reduce waste, get water that can be reused in production cycles. Being able to recover the water present in the sludge has a double advantage, as with this it’s also possible to recover, with subsequent treatments of the same, any hydrocarbons present. The potential of the analysed systems, being modular, lies in the fact that they can easily be sized according to the needs and volumes to be treated and therefore do not have application limits due to the size of the plant. A very important advantage is that they do not have additional emissions to the environment, being closed-loop systems; this allows a quick installation (as well as for reasons related to the transportability and driveability of the same) as they do not require AIA authorization but can be managed through a simple communication of non-substantial modification of the system. The technology certainly represents an interesting future development with the installation of an additional section for the enhancement of dried sludge that allows a further reduction in the quantities of waste produced (as well as a subsequent reuse), associated with energy savings in a circular economy and energy saving.
Il concetto di acqua come bene di poco valore (fonte inesauribile e di nessun costo reale) è ormai superato poiché si è compreso che l’acqua è un bene prezioso, una risorsa limitata di cui farne un uso corretto e responsabile. Con lo sviluppo industriale e agricolo nasce l’esigenza di trattare la grande quantità di acqua impiegata. Gran parte di essa, infatti, dopo l’impiego non ha più le caratteristiche originarie. Le acque di scarico urbane, industriali e agricole contengono i residui delle numerose sostanze utilizzate dall'uomo per l'alimentazione, per le attività quotidiane e per i processi produttivi, sostanze che producono il cosiddetto inquinamento idrico. La depurazione ha il duplice scopo di impedire l'inquinamento dei bacini idrici e di consentire il riciclaggio delle acque, permettendo così di ridurre le necessità di approvvigionamento. E’ necessario garantire che l’acqua, prima di essere reimmessa nell’ambiente o riutilizzata all’interno del ciclo produttivo, soddisfi determinati requisiti qualitativi (stabiliti in Italia dal D.Lgs. n. 152/2006). Questo lavoro si propone di introdurre i principali processi che trovano normalmente applicazione nel trattamento dei rifiuti liquidi. Gli impianti vengono configurati caso per caso a seconda dei requisiti richiesti o del tipo di applicazione a cui sono destinati; ogni singolo impianto è, pertanto, caratterizzato da una propria specifica dotazione tecnologica e gestionale strettamente dipendente della tipologia di rifiuto trattato e, per tale ragione, non può essere individuata una tipologia standard di trattamento chimico-fisico. Nel caso di reflui industriali o misti, i processi biologici, applicati nella maggioranza dei casi, possono risultare inadeguati e necessitano spesso dell’affiancamento a processi chimico-fisici (coagulazione-flocculazione, adsorbimento su carboni attivi, strippaggio, ecc.). I sistemi biologici tradizionali a fanghi attivi, anche se ormai consolidati nel tempo, necessitano di controlli diretti del processo (attualmente semplificati grazie a modelli matematici e automazione) per funzionare correttamente, quali l’aggiunta di reagenti, il controllo dell’aerazione e delle portate di ricircolo. I fanghi attivi risultano spesso inadatti al trattamento di reflui in cui sono presenti sostanze tossiche, che producono effetti di inibizione irreversibile sulla biomassa. Inoltre, l’elevata produzione di fanghi di supero richiede un sistema di trattamento e smaltimento finale che incide notevolmente sui costi di gestione dell’intero sistema. Con la crescente quantità di reflui da trattare e la necessità di trattamenti efficaci ed efficienti, attualmente si procede al miglioramento dei sistemi convenzionali tramite l’integrazione di nuovi processi. Specialmente nel settore industriale, la superficie occupata e l’economicità del trattamento sono criteri preponderanti nella scelta della tecnologia da impiegare, pertanto sono generalmente preferiti e implementati sistemi caratterizzati da semplicità impiantistica e compattezza.
GESTIONE DEI FANGHI INDUSTRIALI DA DEPURAZIONE SECONDO I CONCETTI DI GREEN SOURCING E CIRCULAR ECONOMY
FUSAR BASSINI, DARIO
2020/2021
Abstract
Sludge is the residue of domestic, urban or industrial wastewater purification processes. The treatment of sludge tends firstly to remove its water content as far as possible and, secondly, to make it harmless to the environment, easily transportable and biologically stabilized. The management of this waste is a problem at different levels, mainly because of the costs (economic, environmental and social) related to the disposal. Ecological sensitivity leads to the design of increasingly advanced treatment systems, with the aim of achieving a sustainable future. In this context, it’s clear that it’s essential to enhance waste according to the principles of circular economy. In this sense, ways are sought to reduce waste, transform waste and give new useful life to what already exists. The thesis work presents an example of sustainable treatment of sewage sludge. The innovative technology tested is characterized by being easily integrated into normal production processes and to allow the drying of sludge with a significant reduction in weight. The study aims to evaluate the proposed solution in line with the development of the circular economy. Over the years there has been a continuous increase in the cost associated with the disposal of industrial sludge, with the prices that fluctuate depending on the final destination available. The management of this waste has a non-negligible impact both economically and environmentally for CO2 emissions and pollutants related to transport to disposal plants. The aim of the thesis is to test an innovative modular dryer to identify sustainable, economically advantageous and easily implementable solutions from the point of view of installation that can reduce the cost of disposal of sewage sludge. It’s clear that the cost depends directly on the weight, so the most suitable way to reduce costs is to reduce the weight of waste to be disposed of. It is possible to conclude that the inspiring principles related to green sourcing and circular economy have also found a solid economic response, combining the environmental sustainability of the process with a financial sustainability of the investments. In fact, the use of sludge drying systems allows a reduction in the quantities of sludge produced and handled of the order of about 70% but also an economic saving of 45%. Different thermal drying solutions have been tested which, depending on the volumes to be treated, allow to optimize savings, reduce waste, get water that can be reused in production cycles. Being able to recover the water present in the sludge has a double advantage, as with this it’s also possible to recover, with subsequent treatments of the same, any hydrocarbons present. The potential of the analysed systems, being modular, lies in the fact that they can easily be sized according to the needs and volumes to be treated and therefore do not have application limits due to the size of the plant. A very important advantage is that they do not have additional emissions to the environment, being closed-loop systems; this allows a quick installation (as well as for reasons related to the transportability and driveability of the same) as they do not require AIA authorization but can be managed through a simple communication of non-substantial modification of the system. The technology certainly represents an interesting future development with the installation of an additional section for the enhancement of dried sludge that allows a further reduction in the quantities of waste produced (as well as a subsequent reuse), associated with energy savings in a circular economy and energy saving.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: GESTIONE DEI FANGHI INDUSTRIALI DA DEPURAZIONE SECONDO I CONCETTI DI GREEN SOURCING E CIRCULAR ECONOMY
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/109907