Due to the constant increase in critical issues related to climate change, the countries of the European Community are implementing policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting energy efficiency and promoting the use of renewable energy sources. Internal combustion engines, which constitute a particular type of propulsion adopted in the transport sector, contribute significantly to raising the level of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Hydrogen represents a promising solution that would make it possible to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions deriving from the carbon constituting fuels of fossil origin. Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells, albeit with still high costs and a developing technology, as it is used very limitedly in the mobility sector. A further possibility consists in using hydrogen directly as fuel in a combustion chamber of a traditional engine. This option takes advantage of a widely used technology developed over a century of innovation. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (HICEs), which offer a viable alternative to current fossil fuel engines, present a technically effective and reliable approach towards a rapid carbon-free transition. Italy represents a point of reference in the production of internal combustion engines and boasts a consolidated history in the automotive sector. The introduction of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines would give an Italian "sound" to this innovation, placing Italy in a prominent position in the transition towards sustainable mobility. In the Italian context, the Puglia Region plays a key role, as its regulatory framework, in environmental matters, is one of the most innovative in Italy and in Europe. The Apulian territory is actively engaged in the development of innovative solutions in the hydrogen sector, both for mobility and for other application sectors. Furthermore, the region already boasts a solid industrial fabric in the automotive sector, which could be a point of III starting point for the development of hydrogen-related solutions. However, it is still necessary to address some critical issues, linked both to the operation itself and to the levels of emissions, which make the development of this type of engine difficult. The onset of anomalous combustion (which limits efficiency and performance) and the production of particulate matter (which makes these engines no less dangerous than the traditional ones from the point of view of fine dust emissions) would have as their main cause the unwanted but inevitable contamination of the fuel/comburent mixture by the lubricating oil which needs to be better understood, as it is considered negligible in traditional engines fueled with petroleum derivatives. Through a reduced kinetic model, derived from the detailed mechanism CRECK (2003 version), and called "HyLube", 0D numerical simulations were performed in order to evaluate the variation of the reactivity of the charge, in the event that there was participation of the lubricating oil to the combustion process. Various types of analyzes were conducted, with the aim of identifying various aspects related to the consequences deriving from contamination of the charge with lubricating oil. Initially a comparison was made regarding the reactivity of the pure species (hydrogen and oil), to then investigate the effects on the reactivity caused by the progressive addition of oil. Finally, an analysis was carried out on the reactivity of the region around a drop of oil in order to verify the possibility of ignition.
A causa dell’incessante aumento delle criticità legate al cambiamento climatico, i Paesi della Comunità Europea stanno attuando politiche che mirano a ridurre le emissioni di gas serra, a favorire l'efficientamento energetico e a promuovere l'utilizzo di fonti di energia rinnovabili. I motori a combustione interna, i quali costituiscono un particolare tipo di propulsione adottato nel settore dei trasporti, contribuiscono significativamente all’innalzamento del livello di emissioni di carbonio in atmosfera. L’idrogeno rappresenta una soluzione promettente che consentirebbe di azzerare le emissioni di gas serra derivanti dal carbonio costituente i carburanti di origine fossile. L’idrogeno può essere impiegato nelle celle a combustibile, sebbene con costi ancora elevati e una tecnologia in via di sviluppo, in quanto adoperata molto limitatamente nel settore della mobilità. Un’ulteriore possibilità consiste nell’impiegare l’idrogeno direttamente come combustibile in una camera di combustione di un motore tradizionale. Questa opzione sfrutta una tecnologia ampiamente diffusa e sviluppata nel corso di un secolo di innovazione. I motori a combustione interna alimentati ad idrogeno (HICEs), i quali offrono una valida alternativa agli attuali motori a combustibili fossili, presentano un approccio tecnicamente efficace e affidabile verso una rapida transizione priva di emissioni di carbonio. L’Italia rappresenta un punto di riferimento nella produzione di motori a combustione interna e vanta una storia consolidata nel settore automobilistico. L’introduzione dell’idrogeno come combustibile per i motori a combustione interna conferirebbe un “sound” italiano a questa innovazione, collocando l’Italia in una posizione di rilievo nella transizione verso la mobilità sostenibile. Nel contesto italiano, la Regione Puglia svolge un ruolo cardine, in quanto il suo quadro normativo, in materia ambientale, è uno dei più innovativi in Italia e in Europa. Il territorio pugliese si impegna attivamente nello sviluppo di soluzioni innovative nel settore dell'idrogeno, sia per la mobilità che per altri settori applicativi. Inoltre, la regione vanta già un solido tessuto industriale nel settore dell'automotive, che potrebbe essere un punto di III partenza per lo sviluppo di soluzioni legate all'idrogeno. Tuttavia, è necessario affrontare ancora alcune criticità, legate sia al funzionamento in sé che ai livelli di emissioni, che rendono difficoltoso lo sviluppo di questo tipo di motori. L'insorgenza di combustioni anomale (che limitano efficienza e performance) e la produzione di particolato (che rende questi motori non meno pericolosi dei tradizionali dal punto di vista delle emissioni di polveri sottili) avrebbe come principale causa la contaminazione indesiderata, ma inevitabile, della miscela combustibile/comburente da parte dell’olio lubrificante che necessita di essere meglio compresa, in quanto ritenuta trascurabile nei tradizionali motori alimentati con derivati petroliferi. Tramite un modello cinetico ridotto, derivato dal meccanismo dettagliato CRECK (versione 2003), e definito “HyLube”, sono state eseguite simulazioni numeriche 0D al fine di valutare la variazione della reattività della carica, nel caso in cui vi fosse partecipazione dell’olio lubrificante al processo di combustione. Si sono condotte diverse tipologie di analisi, con l’obiettivo di individuare diversi aspetti correlati alle conseguenze derivanti dalla contaminazione da olio lubrificante della carica. Inizialmente si è effettuato un confronto circa la reattività delle specie pure (idrogeno e olio), per poi investigare gli effetti che si hanno sulla reattività, causati dall’aggiunta progressiva di olio. Infine, si è effettuata un’analisi sulla reattività della regione intorno ad una goccia d'olio al fine di verificarne la possibilità di innesco.
SULL’INTERAZIONE IDROGENO/LUBRIFICANTE NELLO SVILUPPO DI MOTORI TERMICI A ZERO EMISSIONI
LOMBARDI, GIACOMO
2022/2023
Abstract
Due to the constant increase in critical issues related to climate change, the countries of the European Community are implementing policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting energy efficiency and promoting the use of renewable energy sources. Internal combustion engines, which constitute a particular type of propulsion adopted in the transport sector, contribute significantly to raising the level of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Hydrogen represents a promising solution that would make it possible to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions deriving from the carbon constituting fuels of fossil origin. Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells, albeit with still high costs and a developing technology, as it is used very limitedly in the mobility sector. A further possibility consists in using hydrogen directly as fuel in a combustion chamber of a traditional engine. This option takes advantage of a widely used technology developed over a century of innovation. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (HICEs), which offer a viable alternative to current fossil fuel engines, present a technically effective and reliable approach towards a rapid carbon-free transition. Italy represents a point of reference in the production of internal combustion engines and boasts a consolidated history in the automotive sector. The introduction of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines would give an Italian "sound" to this innovation, placing Italy in a prominent position in the transition towards sustainable mobility. In the Italian context, the Puglia Region plays a key role, as its regulatory framework, in environmental matters, is one of the most innovative in Italy and in Europe. The Apulian territory is actively engaged in the development of innovative solutions in the hydrogen sector, both for mobility and for other application sectors. Furthermore, the region already boasts a solid industrial fabric in the automotive sector, which could be a point of III starting point for the development of hydrogen-related solutions. However, it is still necessary to address some critical issues, linked both to the operation itself and to the levels of emissions, which make the development of this type of engine difficult. The onset of anomalous combustion (which limits efficiency and performance) and the production of particulate matter (which makes these engines no less dangerous than the traditional ones from the point of view of fine dust emissions) would have as their main cause the unwanted but inevitable contamination of the fuel/comburent mixture by the lubricating oil which needs to be better understood, as it is considered negligible in traditional engines fueled with petroleum derivatives. Through a reduced kinetic model, derived from the detailed mechanism CRECK (2003 version), and called "HyLube", 0D numerical simulations were performed in order to evaluate the variation of the reactivity of the charge, in the event that there was participation of the lubricating oil to the combustion process. Various types of analyzes were conducted, with the aim of identifying various aspects related to the consequences deriving from contamination of the charge with lubricating oil. Initially a comparison was made regarding the reactivity of the pure species (hydrogen and oil), to then investigate the effects on the reactivity caused by the progressive addition of oil. Finally, an analysis was carried out on the reactivity of the region around a drop of oil in order to verify the possibility of ignition.I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/108762