The detection of traces of gas is an important problem related to the development of multiple applications such as monitoring the environment and industrial processes, breath analysis and the detection of toxic or explosive gases. There are various technologies that can be used to make gas trace sensors (electrochemical sensors, NDIR sensors, catalytic sensors); in particular, the technique that we want to analyze in this work is QEPAS, or the quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. In general, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is based on the conversion of light into sound (photoacoustic effect) and consists in the absorption of modulated light of certain wavelengths by a material that generates periodic pressure waves, i.e. acoustic waves . We therefore speak of a resonant acoustic cell, which resonates at a certain acoustic frequency when the gas contained in it is illuminated by certain wavelengths, or by light that passes through the gas present in the trace. The use of quartz, in this context, consists in the use of a sensor which is in practice a quartz tuning fork (Quartz Tuning Fork) therefore made up of piezoelectric material, i.e. a crystal that detects the acoustic waves generated by the gas and accumulates charge on the electrodes in order to deliver current. The goal of the study is to implement different solutions for the preamplifier that is used to amplify the signal generated by the tuning fork and make a comparison in terms of signal to noise and gain ratio between these solutions. The preamplifier is therefore made according to three different approaches, characterized by different circuit structures. Therefore, first a theoretical comparison is made between the three circuit configurations and then a comparison on the basis of data obtained in simulation using the Orcad PSpice circuit simulator. Finally, a lock-in amplifier has also been implemented which extracts the signal from the amplified tuning fork by isolating it from the noise and converting it into a direct voltage level.
La rivelazione di tracce di gas è un importante problema legato allo sviluppo di molteplici applicazioni come il monitoraggio dell’ambiente e dei processi industriali, all’analisi del respiro e alla rilevazione di gas tossici od esplosivi. Ci sono varie tecnologie che possono essere utilizzate per realizzare sensori di tracce di gas (sensori elettrochimici, sensori NDIR, sensori catalitici); in particolare la tecnica che si vuole analizzare in questo lavoro è il QEPAS (quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy), ovvero la spettroscopia fotoacustica potenziata al quarzo. In generale la spettroscopia fotoacustica (PAS) si basa sulla conversione della luce in suono (effetto fotoacustico) e consiste nell’assorbimento di luce modulata di certe lunghezze d’onda da parte di un materiale che genera onde periodiche di pressione, cioè delle onde acustiche. Dunque si parla di cella acustica risonante, che risuona a una certa frequenza acustica quando il gas in essa contenuto viene illuminato da certe lunghezze d’onda, ovvero da luce che attraversa il gas presente in traccia. L’utilizzo del quarzo, in questo ambito, consiste nel ricorso ad un sensore che è in pratica un diapason al quarzo (Quartz Tuning Fork) costituito quindi da materiale piezoelettrico, cioè da un cristallo che rileva le onde acustiche generate dal gas e accumula carica elettrica sugli elettrodi in modo da erogare corrente. L’obiettivo dello studio è quello di implementare diverse soluzioni per il preamplificatore che viene utilizzato per amplificare il segnale generato dal diapason e fare un confronto in termini di rapporto segnale rumore e guadagno tra queste soluzioni. Il preamplificatore dunque viene realizzato secondo tre approcci diversi, caratterizzati da strutture circuitali differenti. Pertanto viene fatto prima un confronto teorico tra le tre configurazioni circuitali e poi un confronto sulla base di dati ottenuti in simulazione utilizzando il simulatore circuitale Orcad PSpice. Infine è stato implementato anche un amplificatore lock-in che estrae il segnale del diapason amplificato isolandolo dal rumore e convertendolo in un livello di tensione continua.
PREAMPLIFICATORI A BASSO RUMORE PER SENSORI PIEZOELETTRICI
BIANCO, GIUSEPPE
2019/2020
Abstract
The detection of traces of gas is an important problem related to the development of multiple applications such as monitoring the environment and industrial processes, breath analysis and the detection of toxic or explosive gases. There are various technologies that can be used to make gas trace sensors (electrochemical sensors, NDIR sensors, catalytic sensors); in particular, the technique that we want to analyze in this work is QEPAS, or the quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. In general, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is based on the conversion of light into sound (photoacoustic effect) and consists in the absorption of modulated light of certain wavelengths by a material that generates periodic pressure waves, i.e. acoustic waves . We therefore speak of a resonant acoustic cell, which resonates at a certain acoustic frequency when the gas contained in it is illuminated by certain wavelengths, or by light that passes through the gas present in the trace. The use of quartz, in this context, consists in the use of a sensor which is in practice a quartz tuning fork (Quartz Tuning Fork) therefore made up of piezoelectric material, i.e. a crystal that detects the acoustic waves generated by the gas and accumulates charge on the electrodes in order to deliver current. The goal of the study is to implement different solutions for the preamplifier that is used to amplify the signal generated by the tuning fork and make a comparison in terms of signal to noise and gain ratio between these solutions. The preamplifier is therefore made according to three different approaches, characterized by different circuit structures. Therefore, first a theoretical comparison is made between the three circuit configurations and then a comparison on the basis of data obtained in simulation using the Orcad PSpice circuit simulator. Finally, a lock-in amplifier has also been implemented which extracts the signal from the amplified tuning fork by isolating it from the noise and converting it into a direct voltage level.I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14253/104100